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In the absence of WAPL and PDS5 proteins, cohesin forms extended loops, presumably by passing CTCF sites, accumulates in axial chromosomal positions (vermicelli), and condenses chromosomes. Unexpectedly, PDS5 proteins are also required for boundary function. These results show that cohesin has an essential  genome-wide function in mediating long-range chromatin interactions and support the hypothesis that cohesin creates these by loop extrusion, until it is delayed  by CTCF in a manner dependent on PDS5 proteins, or until it is released from DNA  by WAPL.", "@id": "/publications/c1fc12d2-5514-4ad7-963f-a572d7c51df8/", "uuid": "c1fc12d2-5514-4ad7-963f-a572d7c51df8", "short_attribution": "Wutz G et al. 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In the absence of WAPL and PDS5 proteins, cohesin forms extended loops, presumably by passing CTCF sites, accumulates in axial chromosomal positions (vermicelli), and condenses chromosomes. Unexpectedly, PDS5 proteins are also required for boundary function. These results show that cohesin has an essential  genome-wide function in mediating long-range chromatin interactions and support the hypothesis that cohesin creates these by loop extrusion, until it is delayed  by CTCF in a manner dependent on PDS5 proteins, or until it is released from DNA  by WAPL.", "short_attribution": "Wutz G et al. (2017)", "ID": "PMID:29217591", "title": "Topologically associating domains and chromatin loops depend on cohesin and are regulated by CTCF, WAPL, and PDS5 proteins.", "display_title": "Wutz G et al. 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