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This genome compartmentalization has been linked to various functions, but these links are still poorly understood. Interestingly, Lamina Associated Domains (LADs) share specific heterochromatin marks, defining chromatin domains with distinct genetic and epigenetic properties. Genomic regions associating with other nuclear compartments may similarly define distinct classes of chromatin domains. One major bottleneck towards a deeper understanding of nuclear organization has been the inability to convert microscopy views of nuclear compartments into genome-wide maps that show which loci are associated with which compartment, and how the chromosomal fiber traverses between compartments. In addition, there is an urgent need for more efficient methods to dissect the mechanisms by which large genomic regions are targeted to specific nuclear compartments. Finally, there is an urgent need for high-throughput approaches that query the functional relevance of genome compartmentalization. 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"/experiment-set-replicates/4DNESFMEOEHW/", "uuid": "31689d6c-9bf0-499f-8e23-270828bb7580", "experimentset_type": "replicate", "@type": ["ExperimentSetReplicate", "ExperimentSet", "Item"], "status": "released", "accession": "4DNESFMEOEHW", "principals_allowed": {"view": ["system.Everyone"], "edit": ["group.admin"]}}, {"display_title": "4DNESXRBILXJ", "@id": "/experiment-sets/4DNESXRBILXJ/", "uuid": "2dc82177-cb40-4de6-b029-745d9ecd5a54", "experimentset_type": "custom", "@type": ["ExperimentSet", "Item"], "status": "released", "accession": "4DNESXRBILXJ", "principals_allowed": {"view": ["system.Everyone"], "edit": ["group.admin"]}}], "produced_in_pub": {"short_attribution": "Zhao PA et al. (2020)", "@type": ["Publication", "Item"], "journal": "Genome biology", "ID": "PMID:32209126", "abstract": "BACKGROUND: DNA replication in mammalian cells occurs in a defined temporal order during S phase, known as the replication timing (RT) programme. Replication timing is developmentally regulated and correlated with chromatin conformation and local transcriptional potential. Here, we present RT profiles of unprecedented temporal resolution in two human embryonic stem cell lines, human colon carcinoma line HCT116, and mouse embryonic stem cells and their neural progenitor derivatives. RESULTS: Fine temporal windows revealed a remarkable degree of cell-to-cell conservation in RT, particularly at the very beginning and ends of S phase, and identified 5 temporal patterns of replication in all cell types, consistent with varying degrees of initiation efficiency. Zones of replication initiation (IZs) were detected throughout S phase and interacted in 3D space preferentially with other IZs of similar firing time. Temporal transition regions were resolved into segments of uni-directional replication punctuated at specific sites by small, inefficient IZs. Sites of convergent replication were divided into sites of termination or large constant timing regions consisting of many synchronous IZs in tandem. Developmental transitions in RT occured mainly by activating or inactivating individual IZs or occasionally by altering IZ firing time, demonstrating that IZs, rather than individual origins, are the units of developmental regulation. Finally, haplotype phasing revealed numerous regions of allele-specific and allele-independent asynchronous  replication. Allele-independent asynchronous replication was correlated with the  presence of previously mapped common fragile sites. CONCLUSIONS: Altogether, these data provide a detailed temporal choreography of DNA replication in mammalian cells.", "status": "current", "title": "High-resolution Repli-Seq defines the temporal choreography of initiation, elongation and termination of replication in mammalian cells.", "uuid": "7f3c096b-38fc-4fc1-abf8-679e8d90e9dd", "authors": ["Zhao PA", "Sasaki T", "Gilbert DM"], "display_title": "Zhao PA et al. (2020) PMID:32209126", "date_published": "2020-03-24", "@id": "/publications/7f3c096b-38fc-4fc1-abf8-679e8d90e9dd/", "principals_allowed": {"view": ["system.Everyone"], "edit": ["group.admin"]}}, "publications_of_exp": [{"short_attribution": "Gholamalamdari O et al. (2025)", "uuid": "f2b3b3fb-e9af-484d-abeb-fe4316ffdc1a", "journal": "bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology", "status": "current", "title": "Beyond A and B Compartments: how major nuclear locales define nuclear genome  organization and function.", "date_published": "2025-02-26", "abstract": "Models of nuclear genome organization often propose a binary division into active  versus inactive compartments yet typically overlook nuclear bodies. Here we  integrated analysis of sequencing and image-based data to compare genome  organization in four human cell types relative to three different nuclear  locales: the nuclear lamina, nuclear speckles, and nucleoli. Whereas gene  expression correlates mostly with nuclear speckle proximity, DNA replication  timing correlates with proximity to multiple nuclear locales. Speckle attachment  regions emerge as DNA replication initiation zones whose replication timing and  gene composition vary with their attachment frequency. Most facultative LADs  retain a partially repressed state as iLADs, despite their positioning in the  nuclear interior. Knock out of two lamina proteins, Lamin A and LBR, causes a  shift of H3K9me3-enriched LADs from lamina to nucleolus, and a reciprocal  relocation of H3K27me3-enriched partially repressed iLADs from nucleolus to  lamina. Thus, these partially repressed iLADs appear to compete with LADs for  nuclear lamina attachment with consequences for replication timing. The nuclear  organization in adherent cells is polarized with nuclear bodies and genomic  regions segregating both radially and relative to the equatorial plane. Together,  our results underscore the importance of considering genome organization relative  to nuclear locales for a more complete understanding of the spatial and  functional organization of the human genome.", "@id": "/publications/f2b3b3fb-e9af-484d-abeb-fe4316ffdc1a/", "authors": ["Gholamalamdari O", "van Schaik T", "Wang Y", "Kumar P", "Zhang L", "Zhang Y", "Gonzalez GAH", "Vouzas AE", "Zhao PA", "Gilbert DM", "Ma J", "van Steensel B", "Belmont AS"], "@type": ["Publication", "Item"], "display_title": "Gholamalamdari O et al. (2025) PMID:38712201", "ID": "PMID:38712201", "principals_allowed": {"view": ["system.Everyone"], "edit": ["group.admin"]}}, {"short_attribution": "Zhao PA et al. (2020)", "uuid": "7f3c096b-38fc-4fc1-abf8-679e8d90e9dd", "journal": "Genome biology", "status": "current", "title": "High-resolution Repli-Seq defines the temporal choreography of initiation, elongation and termination of replication in mammalian cells.", "date_published": "2020-03-24", "abstract": "BACKGROUND: DNA replication in mammalian cells occurs in a defined temporal order during S phase, known as the replication timing (RT) programme. Replication timing is developmentally regulated and correlated with chromatin conformation and local transcriptional potential. Here, we present RT profiles of unprecedented temporal resolution in two human embryonic stem cell lines, human colon carcinoma line HCT116, and mouse embryonic stem cells and their neural progenitor derivatives. RESULTS: Fine temporal windows revealed a remarkable degree of cell-to-cell conservation in RT, particularly at the very beginning and ends of S phase, and identified 5 temporal patterns of replication in all cell types, consistent with varying degrees of initiation efficiency. Zones of replication initiation (IZs) were detected throughout S phase and interacted in 3D space preferentially with other IZs of similar firing time. Temporal transition regions were resolved into segments of uni-directional replication punctuated at specific sites by small, inefficient IZs. Sites of convergent replication were divided into sites of termination or large constant timing regions consisting of many synchronous IZs in tandem. Developmental transitions in RT occured mainly by activating or inactivating individual IZs or occasionally by altering IZ firing time, demonstrating that IZs, rather than individual origins, are the units of developmental regulation. Finally, haplotype phasing revealed numerous regions of allele-specific and allele-independent asynchronous  replication. Allele-independent asynchronous replication was correlated with the  presence of previously mapped common fragile sites. CONCLUSIONS: Altogether, these data provide a detailed temporal choreography of DNA replication in mammalian cells.", "@id": "/publications/7f3c096b-38fc-4fc1-abf8-679e8d90e9dd/", "authors": ["Zhao PA", "Sasaki T", "Gilbert DM"], "@type": ["Publication", "Item"], "display_title": "Zhao PA et al. (2020) PMID:32209126", "ID": "PMID:32209126", "principals_allowed": {"view": ["system.Everyone"], "edit": ["group.admin"]}}], "experiment_categorizer": {"field": "Fraction", "value": "P9 of 16 fractions", "combined": "Fraction: P9 of 16 fractions"}, "experiment_summary": "Multi-stage Repli-seq on H1-hESC (Tier 1) S-phase P9", "@context": "/terms/", "aggregated-items": {"badges": [{"parent": "/biosamples/4DNBS9WYFL4T/", "embedded_path": "biosample.badges", "item": {"messages": ["Biosample receives gold status for being a 4DN Tier 1 or Tier 2 cell line that follows the approved SOP and contains all of the pertinent metadata information as required by the 4DN Samples working group."], "badge": {"commendation": "Gold Biosample", "warning": null, "uuid": "6c2b7409-4478-4e15-aabc-1a0df6b883e9", "@id": "/badges/gold-biosample/", "badge_icon": "/static/img/badges/biosample-badge-gold-star.svg", "description": "Gold biosample"}}}]}, "validation-errors": []}