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Increasing evidence indicates that specific genomic regions each associate with these compartments. This genome compartmentalization has been linked to various functions, but these links are still poorly understood. Interestingly, Lamina Associated Domains (LADs) share specific heterochromatin marks, defining chromatin domains with distinct genetic and epigenetic properties. Genomic regions associating with other nuclear compartments may similarly define distinct classes of chromatin domains. One major bottleneck towards a deeper understanding of nuclear organization has been the inability to convert microscopy views of nuclear compartments into genome-wide maps that show which loci are associated with which compartment, and how the chromosomal fiber traverses between compartments. In addition, there is an urgent need for more efficient methods to dissect the mechanisms by which large genomic regions are targeted to specific nuclear compartments. Finally, there is an urgent need for high-throughput approaches that query the functional relevance of genome compartmentalization. For this Center grant, we propose to meet these needs through the following Aims: 1. Develop a strategy that connects microscopy views to genome-wide maps that, together with modeling, reveal the localization and dynamics of genomic regions relative to all major nuclear compartments. 2. Develop methods for efficient manipulation of the genome in order to elucidate mechanisms that target loci to specific compartments. 3. Develop methods to measure, model, and validate the functional relevance of nuclear compartments. The combined results of these approaches will reveal causal relationships now hidden among entangled genomic, epigenetic, and nuclear organization features. Deliverables of this proposal include a wide range of structural and functional maps of nuclear organization, reagents for visualizing endogenous chromosome loci, a powerful pipeline for synthesis of ~100kb DNA fragments, and cell lines facilitating repeated, high-fidelity insertio of these large fragments back into selected sites in the genome. These resources will provide a powerful complement to other 4D Nucleome Consortium efforts. A key strength of this Center proposal is the experience and complementary research capabilities of its five Investigators. 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(2025)", "ID": "PMID:38712201", "display_title": "Gholamalamdari O et al. (2025) PMID:38712201", "date_published": "2025-02-26", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38712201", "@id": "/publications/f2b3b3fb-e9af-484d-abeb-fe4316ffdc1a/", "@type": ["Publication", "Item"], "abstract": "Models of nuclear genome organization often propose a binary division into active  versus inactive compartments yet typically overlook nuclear bodies. Here we  integrated analysis of sequencing and image-based data to compare genome  organization in four human cell types relative to three different nuclear  locales: the nuclear lamina, nuclear speckles, and nucleoli. Whereas gene  expression correlates mostly with nuclear speckle proximity, DNA replication  timing correlates with proximity to multiple nuclear locales. Speckle attachment  regions emerge as DNA replication initiation zones whose replication timing and  gene composition vary with their attachment frequency. Most facultative LADs  retain a partially repressed state as iLADs, despite their positioning in the  nuclear interior. Knock out of two lamina proteins, Lamin A and LBR, causes a  shift of H3K9me3-enriched LADs from lamina to nucleolus, and a reciprocal  relocation of H3K27me3-enriched partially repressed iLADs from nucleolus to  lamina. Thus, these partially repressed iLADs appear to compete with LADs for  nuclear lamina attachment with consequences for replication timing. The nuclear  organization in adherent cells is polarized with nuclear bodies and genomic  regions segregating both radially and relative to the equatorial plane. Together,  our results underscore the importance of considering genome organization relative  to nuclear locales for a more complete understanding of the spatial and  functional organization of the human genome.", "title": "Beyond A and B Compartments: how major nuclear locales define nuclear genome  organization and function.", "principals_allowed": {"view": ["system.Everyone"], "edit": ["group.admin"]}}, "pubs_using": [], "publications_of_set": [{"date_published": "2020-12-18", "status": "current", "display_title": "Zhang L et al. (2020) PMID:33355299", "@type": ["Publication", "Item"], "ID": "PMID:33355299", "abstract": "TSA-seq mapping suggests that gene distance to nuclear speckles is more deterministic and predictive of gene expression levels than gene radial positioning. Gene expression correlates inversely with distance to nuclear speckles, with chromosome regions of unusually high expression located at the apex of chromosome loops protruding from the nuclear periphery into the interior. Genomic distances to the nearest lamina-associated domain are larger for loop apexes mapping closest to nuclear speckles, suggesting the possibility of conservation of speckle-associated regions. To facilitate comparison of genome organization by TSA-seq, we reduced required cell numbers 10- to 20-fold for TSA-seq by deliberately saturating protein-labeling while preserving distance mapping by the still unsaturated DNA-labeling. Only approximately 10% of the genome shows statistically significant shifts in relative nuclear speckle distances in pair-wise comparisons between human cell lines (H1, HFF, HCT116, K562); however, these moderate shifts in nuclear speckle distances tightly correlate with changes in cell type-specific gene expression. Similarly, half of  heat shock-induced gene loci already preposition very close to nuclear speckles,  with the remaining positioned near or at intermediate distance (HSPH1) to nuclear speckles but shifting even closer with transcriptional induction. Speckle association together with chromatin decondensation correlates with expression amplification upon HSPH1 activation. Our results demonstrate a largely \"hardwired\" genome organization with specific genes moving small mean distances relative to speckles during cell differentiation or a physiological transition, suggesting an important role of nuclear speckles in gene expression regulation.", "uuid": "b3bf2d54-4ac9-4808-b44d-82c35996052f", "journal": "Genome research", "title": "TSA-seq reveals a largely conserved genome organization relative to nuclear speckles with small position changes tightly correlated with gene expression changes.", "@id": "/publications/b3bf2d54-4ac9-4808-b44d-82c35996052f/", "authors": ["Zhang L", "Zhang Y", "Chen Y", "Gholamalamdari O", "Wang Y", "Ma J", "Belmont AS"], "principals_allowed": {"view": ["system.Everyone"], "edit": ["group.admin"]}}, {"date_published": "2025-02-26", "status": "current", "display_title": "Gholamalamdari O et al. (2025) PMID:38712201", "@type": ["Publication", "Item"], "ID": "PMID:38712201", "abstract": "Models of nuclear genome organization often propose a binary division into active  versus inactive compartments yet typically overlook nuclear bodies. Here we  integrated analysis of sequencing and image-based data to compare genome  organization in four human cell types relative to three different nuclear  locales: the nuclear lamina, nuclear speckles, and nucleoli. Whereas gene  expression correlates mostly with nuclear speckle proximity, DNA replication  timing correlates with proximity to multiple nuclear locales. Speckle attachment  regions emerge as DNA replication initiation zones whose replication timing and  gene composition vary with their attachment frequency. Most facultative LADs  retain a partially repressed state as iLADs, despite their positioning in the  nuclear interior. Knock out of two lamina proteins, Lamin A and LBR, causes a  shift of H3K9me3-enriched LADs from lamina to nucleolus, and a reciprocal  relocation of H3K27me3-enriched partially repressed iLADs from nucleolus to  lamina. Thus, these partially repressed iLADs appear to compete with LADs for  nuclear lamina attachment with consequences for replication timing. The nuclear  organization in adherent cells is polarized with nuclear bodies and genomic  regions segregating both radially and relative to the equatorial plane. Together,  our results underscore the importance of considering genome organization relative  to nuclear locales for a more complete understanding of the spatial and  functional organization of the human genome.", "uuid": "f2b3b3fb-e9af-484d-abeb-fe4316ffdc1a", "journal": "bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology", "title": "Beyond A and B Compartments: how major nuclear locales define nuclear genome  organization and function.", "@id": "/publications/f2b3b3fb-e9af-484d-abeb-fe4316ffdc1a/", "authors": ["Gholamalamdari O", "van Schaik T", "Wang Y", "Kumar P", "Zhang L", "Zhang Y", "Gonzalez GAH", "Vouzas AE", "Zhao PA", "Gilbert DM", "Ma J", "van Steensel B", "Belmont AS"], "principals_allowed": {"view": ["system.Everyone"], "edit": ["group.admin"]}}], "number_of_experiments": 1, "@context": "/terms/", "aggregated-items": {"badges": [{"parent": "/biosamples/4DNBS92SO65R/", "embedded_path": "experiments_in_set.biosample.badges", "item": {"messages": ["Biosample missing doubling_number", "Biosample missing passage_number", "Biosample missing morphology_image"], "badge": {"commendation": null, "warning": "Biosample Metadata Incomplete", "uuid": "2b2cc7ff-b7a8-4138-9a6c-22884fc71690", "@id": "/badges/biosample-metadata-incomplete/", "badge_icon": "/static/img/badges/biosample-icon.svg", "description": "Biosample is missing metadata information required as part of the standards implemented by the 4DN Samples working group."}}}, {"parent": "/experiment-set-replicates/4DNESW3L596Q/", "embedded_path": "badges", "item": {"messages": ["Replicate set contains only a single biological replicate"], "badge": {"commendation": null, "warning": "Replicate Numbers", "uuid": "24a64a84-3c33-4d76-aaf2-e5ef45eff347", "@id": "/badges/replicate-numbers/", "badge_icon": "/static/img/badges/replicates-orange-circle.svg", "description": "Issues with replicate numbers"}}}]}, "validation-errors": []}