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(2024)", "ID": "doi:10.1101/2024.03.25.586715", "journal": "bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology", "uuid": "a84d089a-b2a0-4da5-a454-07f73987df08", "abstract": "Cohesin is required for chromatin loop formation. However, its precise role in  regulating gene transcription remains largely unknown. We investigated the  relationship between cohesin and RNA Polymerase II (RNAPII) using single-molecule  mapping and live-cell imaging methods in human cells. Cohesin-mediated  transcriptional loops were highly correlated with those of RNAPII and followed  the direction of gene transcription. Depleting RAD21, a subunit of cohesin,  resulted in the loss of long-range (>100 kb) loops between distal  (super-)enhancers and promoters of cell-type-specific genes. By contrast, the  short-range (<50 kb) loops were insensitive to RAD21 depletion and connected  genes that are mostly housekeeping. This result explains why only a small  fraction of genes are affected by the loss of long-range chromatin interactions  due to cohesin depletion. Remarkably, RAD21 depletion appeared to up-regulate  genes located in early initiation zones (EIZ) of DNA replication, and the EIZ  signals were amplified drastically without RAD21. Our results revealed new  mechanistic insights of cohesin's multifaceted roles in establishing  transcriptional loops, preserving long-range chromatin interactions for  cell-specific genes, and maintaining timely order of DNA replication.", "authors": ["Kim M", "Wang P", "Clow PA", "Chien IE", "Wang X", "Peng J", "Chai H", "Liu X", "Lee B", "Ngan CY", "Yue F", "Milenkovic O", "Chuang JH", "Wei CL", "Casellas R", "Cheng AW", "Ruan Y"], "date_published": "2024-03-27", "@type": ["Publication", "Item"], "display_title": "Kim M et al. 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Cohesin-mediated  transcriptional loops were highly correlated with those of RNAPII and followed  the direction of gene transcription. Depleting RAD21, a subunit of cohesin,  resulted in the loss of long-range (>100 kb) loops between distal  (super-)enhancers and promoters of cell-type-specific genes. By contrast, the  short-range (<50 kb) loops were insensitive to RAD21 depletion and connected  genes that are mostly housekeeping. This result explains why only a small  fraction of genes are affected by the loss of long-range chromatin interactions  due to cohesin depletion. Remarkably, RAD21 depletion appeared to up-regulate  genes located in early initiation zones (EIZ) of DNA replication, and the EIZ  signals were amplified drastically without RAD21. Our results revealed new  mechanistic insights of cohesin's multifaceted roles in establishing  transcriptional loops, preserving long-range chromatin interactions for  cell-specific genes, and maintaining timely order of DNA replication.", "@type": ["Publication", "Item"], "title": "Multifaceted roles of cohesin in regulating transcriptional loops.", "journal": "bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology", "display_title": "Kim M et al. 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